Arithmetic Sequence
aₙ = a₁ + (n−1)d
Sₙ = n/2 · (a₁ + aₙ)
Sₙ = n/2 · (2a₁ + (n−1)d)
d = aₙ − aₙ₋₁
Geometric Sequence
aₙ = a₁ · rⁿ⁻¹
Sₙ = a₁(1−rⁿ)/(1−r), r≠1
S∞ = a₁/(1−r), |r|<1
r = aₙ / aₙ₋₁
Convergence Tests
Geometric: converges if |r|<1
p-series Σ1/nᵖ: converges if p>1
Harmonic Σ1/n: diverges (p=1)
Ratio test: L=|aₙ₊₁/aₙ|; L<1→conv
Special Sums
Σk = n(n+1)/2
Σk² = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
Σk³ = [n(n+1)/2]²
Σrᵏ (k=0→n) = (1−rⁿ⁺¹)/(1−r)